Mailbag

The Mailbag: A Lost Husband, a Saved Wife, and an Apostate Church

My husband is unsaved, so I’ve had to take on the spiritual leadership of our home. As I’ve been growing in my discernment, I’ve learned that the churches we have been attending are not doctrinally sound. Thus, we have changed churches several times. My husband will attend church with our family, but is comfortable at our current church and doesn’t want to change again. Unfortunately, our current church is also doctrinally unsound. I feel very uncomfortable here and want to find a new, doctrinally sound church, but I’m concerned: a) that I won’t be submitting to my husband if I insist we leave, and, b) that my husband will refuse to attend church any more if I insist we leave this one. What should I do?

This question is actually an amalgam of two e-mails I’ve recently received asking basically the same question, which leads me to believe there are many other Christian women out there in similar circumstances.

It is heartbreaking when a husband and wife, whose souls God meant to be knit together as one, are separated by the gulf of eternity. It’s an unavoidable situation when two lost people get married and one subsequently gets saved, but it is completely avoidable if you’re saved before you get married. Single ladies, please be wise and learn from the pain your unequally yoked sisters have gone through: do not marry, or even date, someone you aren’t certain (as certain as you can possibly be, anyway) is a believer.

Normally, this is the type of question I decline to answer because it’s a situation that’s best handled by pastoral counsel. I don’t know all the nuances of the situation, the personalities involved, the doctrine of the particular church, etc. However, the readers who have asked my advice have both indicated that they’re in doctrinally unsound churches, so I can’t, in good conscience, refer them to “pastors” who may do more harm than good with their counsel. So, the best I can do is provide some biblical food for thought for these ladies to consider as they make their decisions.

Pray
God is so gracious and kind to remind us that if we need wisdom to handle things and make decisions, He will give it to us. When you’ve asked God for that wisdom, trust Him to give it to you and to guide you.

Additionally, ask God to provide you with a godly friend, pastor, or counselor to help you walk through this situation. You may wish to seek out a doctrinally sound church and set up a counseling appointment with the pastor or an elder. You could also look for an ACBC certified Biblical Counselor in your area (not just a “Christian counselor/therapist”- ACBC counselors are trained to help you apply correctly handled Scripture to your situation in a doctrinally sound way).

Finally, don’t neglect to pray for your husband’s salvation, and that God would soften his heart to attend a doctrinally sound church.

Study God’s Word
If you’re a believer, this should already be part of your daily life. Stay in the Word to keep yourself spiritually nourished, to gain biblical wisdom, and to be led by the Holy Spirit. It may be of some comfort to you to know that in the early days of the church, many Christian women (and men) were going through the exact same situation- being married to an unbeliever. There are a couple of passages that address this situation which you may want to give some extra study:

Likewise, wives, be subject to your own husbands, so that even if some do not obey the word, they may be won without a word by the conduct of their wives, when they see your respectful and pure conduct. Do not let your adorning be externalโ€”the braiding of hair and the putting on of gold jewelry, or the clothing you wearโ€” but let your adorning be the hidden person of the heart with the imperishable beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which in God’s sight is very precious. For this is how the holy women who hoped in God used to adorn themselves, by submitting to their own husbands, as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. And you are her children, if you do good and do not fear anything that is frightening.
1 Peter 3:1-6

If any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him. For the unbelieving husband is made holy because of his wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy because of her husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy. But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. For how do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?
1 Corinthians 7:13-16

Submission? As the 1 Peter passage above makes clear, biblical submission is one of the ways Christian women can prepare the way of the Lord in the life of an unbelieving husband. We should certainly submit to our husbands in anything that doesn’t conflict with Scripture. However, our first loyalty and submission are to Christ, so a Christian woman cannot “submit” to her husband if he is asking her to do something that Christ has clearly said not to do in His written Word (I’ve written more about the issue of submission in other situations here and here.).

As you consider submitting to your husband in the various aspects of this situation, study these passages regarding sitting under the instruction of false teachers. Do your husband’s desires about staying in a doctrinally unsound church conflict with what God’s word says? That’s something you will have to pray about, study about, and, if possible, get some godly counsel about.

Practical observations/suggestions
Here’s something to take into consideration: It doesn’t do any good for someone to go to a “church” that teaches false doctrine just for the sake of being able to say that person attends church. In fact, it may actually harden his heart to the truth of the gospel.

Regarding false converts (people who think they’re Christians but actually aren’t), it’s often said, “Before we can get them saved, we first have to get them unsaved.” In other words, we have to do the hard work of “undoing” the false doctrine they’ve been taught, which has convinced them they’re saved, so they can come to terms with the fact that they aren’t actually saved, in order to correctly teach them the gospel so that they can truly be saved. Consider whether, by continuing to attend a church that teaches false doctrine with your husband, you might be doing something right now that will be difficult to undo later. A garden variety lost person who doesn’t attend church is no more lost than a lost person attending a church that teaches false doctrine.

Would your husband be open to staying home from church on Sunday for several weeks or months while you visit churches alone until you find one you’re confident is doctrinally sound?

Many churches have midweek, Saturday, and Sunday evening services. Perhaps you could explore another church on your own during non-Sunday morning services for a time until you’re sure it teaches sound doctrine, and then ask your husband if he’d be willing to change to that church.

Your husband probably views his church attendance as something he’s doing for you or for the kids. Is there any kind of “deal” you could work out where he changes to a doctrinally sound church “for you,” and, in exchange, you do something for him (make his favorite meal every week, take over a chore he hates, etc.)? He might be more willing to change churches if he thinks there’s a benefit to him for doing so.


If you have a question about: a Bible passage, an aspect of theology, a current issue in Christianity, or how to biblically handle a family, life, or church situation, comment below (Iโ€™ll hold all questions in queue {unpublished} for a future edition of The Mailbag) or send me an e-mail or private message. If your question is chosen for publication, your anonymity will be protected.

Marriage

A No-Bull Marriage: Four Lessons from Mr. & Mrs. Samson

โ€œIf you had not plowed with my heifer,
you would not have found out my riddle.โ€

judges 14:18

I love this verse. Itโ€™s in the story of Samson, which Iโ€™m studying in depth right now, and it makes me giggle every time I come to it. Ripped from its context, it doesnโ€™t make much sense (most Bible verses donโ€™t), so go read Judges 14 really quickly. Itโ€™s only twenty verses. It shouldnโ€™t take you more than ten minutes to read. Iโ€™ll just wait right here.

Done? Ok. Now you know the context, and you know Samson wasnโ€™t talking about farming. He was talking about his wife. Now, ladies, before you get your bloomers in a ruffle, Samson wasnโ€™t calling his wife a heifer, he was using a metaphor. He could just as easily have said, โ€œIf you hadnโ€™t eaten sweet and sour shrimp with my chopsticksโ€ฆโ€ Well, if he were Chinese and if sweet and sour shrimp had been invented.

But anyway... it still wasnโ€™t the most flattering metaphor a man could choose when referencing his wife, which got me thinking about Samsonโ€™s wife and their marriage. They messed some things up, big time. Things that they could have avoided messing up by being obedient to Godโ€™s commands about marriage. Maybe we could learn a few “noble,” or “no-bull,” if you prefer, things for our own marriages from Mr. and Mrs. Samson in Judges 14:

Maybe we could learn a few “noble,” or “no-bull,” if you prefer, things for our own marriages from Mr. and Mrs. Samson in Judges 14…

1.
Donโ€™t be an unequally yoked heifer (v. 1-3)

Although the Philistines were not one of the nations God specifically forbade Israel to intermarryย with, Godโ€™s principle of not marrying foreigners would have been a good one for Samson to follow. Why? Because only Israel worshiped the one true God. All of the other nations were pagan. They will โ€œturn away your sons from following me, to serve other gods,โ€ God told them. โ€œBut Samson said to his father, โ€˜Get her for me, for she is right in my eyes.’โ€ (3) In my eyes. Not in Godโ€™s eyes. In Samsonโ€™s eyes. Samson wasnโ€™t interested in what God wanted for his marriage. Samson was only interested in what Samson wanted.

As Believers, our hearts should long to obey Christ and to want what He wants for our lives. In 2 Corinthians 6:14-15, God tells us we are not to seek to bind ourselves together in any close relationship with unbelievers. That includes (but is not limited to) marriage. As God told the Israelites, an unbeliever will lead you away from the Lord. Husbands and wives should push each other towards Christ. A lost husband canโ€™t lead you to greater godliness. If you are not yet married, do not marry someone who isnโ€™t saved, whose life does not display the spiritual fruit of someone who has been genuinely born again.

Donโ€™t be an unequally yoked heifer.

2.
Leave and cleave: plow with the bull youโ€™re yoked to (v. 16-20)

Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast [cleave] to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.

Genesis 2:24

This doesnโ€™t mean that we cut all ties with our parents when we get married. It means that we are now committed, first and foremost, to our spouses. We stand with them before, and sometimes against, everyone else.

Samson and his wife both had problems with this, as many newlyweds do. Samsonโ€™s wife, instead of standing with her husband by being honest with him about what his companions were up to and trusting him to protect her, ended up siding with โ€œher peopleโ€ (17) out of fear, by nagging Samson into telling her the answer to the riddle. Samson showed that he was loyal to his parents over his wife when he said in verse 16, โ€œBehold, I have not told my father nor my mother [the answer to the riddle], and shall I tell you?โ€ And when the whole fiasco was over, instead of going back and working things out with his wife, he abandoned her and went back home to live with his parents. (19-20)

Ladies, our husbands come first when it comes to loyalty, unity, bonding, and family decisions. Not our moms, our sisters, our best girlfriends, or even our children. And our husbands are to exhibit that same loyalty to us. Donโ€™t hook yourself up to another plow.

Leave and cleave. Plow with the bull youโ€™re yoked to.

3.
Donโ€™t moonipulate; commoonicate (v. 16-17)

Pack your bags, weโ€™re going on a guilt trip. And Samsonโ€™s wife had a saddlebag full of every vixenish wile she could squeeze in: emotional manipulation, shame, blame, nagging, and relentless pressure. Samsonโ€™s wife provides us with the perfect example of how not to communicate with our husbands.

Samsonโ€™s wife provides us with the perfect example of how *not*ย to communicate with our husbands.

We can all be tempted to use underhanded methods of getting what we want, but the God who tells us not to lie, to speak the truth, and not to act in selfish ambition but to put others first, is not a God who is pleased by such behavior. God is honored when we treat our husbands with kindness, respect, and honesty, and trust God enough to leave the outcome to Him.

Donโ€™t moonipulate, commoonicate.

4.
Do the no-bull thing: forgive. (14:19-15:1)

While Samson may have had understandable reasons for being angry at both his companions and his wife, and while God may have used a bad situation to take out some of the enemies of His people, God calls husbands and wives to forgive one another.

Again, Samson shows us what not to do. Consumed by his anger, he abandoned his wife and seems to have held a grudge against her for a good while. When he finally went back with a peace offering, it wasnโ€™t a pretty scene.

Be angry and do not sin; do not let the sun go down on your anger, and give no opportunity to the devil.

Ephesians 4:26-27

When weโ€™re angry, self control can go out the window, making it easier to give in to Satanโ€™s temptations to sin. Instead, it is Godโ€™s will for us to โ€œLet all bitterness and wrath and anger and clamor and slander be put away from you, along with all malice. Be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave you.โ€.

Forgive. Itโ€™s the noble thing to do.

Do the no-bull thing: forgive.

Wednesday's Word

Wednesday’s Word ~ Numbers 25

num 25 3

 

Numbers 25

While Israel lived inย Shittim,ย the people began to whore with the daughters of Moab.ย 2ย These invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods, and the people ate and bowed down to their gods.ย 3ย So Israel yoked himself to Baal of Peor. And the anger of theย Lordย was kindled against Israel.ย 4ย And theย Lordย said to Moses,ย โ€œTake all the chiefs of the people andย hangย them in the sun before theย Lord,ย that the fierce anger of theย Lordย may turn away from Israel.โ€ย 5ย And Moses said toย the judges of Israel,ย โ€œEach of you kill those of his men who have yoked themselves to Baal of Peor.โ€

6ย And behold, one of the people of Israel came and brought a Midianite woman to his family, in the sight of Moses and in the sight of the whole congregation of the people of Israel, while they wereย weeping in the entrance of the tent of meeting.ย 7ย When Phinehasย the son of Eleazar, son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose and left the congregation and took a spear in his handย 8ย and went after the man of Israel into the chamber and pierced both of them, the man of Israel and the woman through her belly. Thus the plague on the people of Israel was stopped.ย 9ย Nevertheless,ย those who died by the plague were twenty-four thousand.

10ย And theย Lordย said to Moses,ย 11ย โ€œPhinehas the son of Eleazar, son of Aaron the priest, has turned back my wrath from the people of Israel, in that heย was jealous with my jealousy among them, so that I did not consume the people of Israel inย my jealousy.ย 12ย Therefore say,ย โ€˜Behold, I give to him my covenant of peace,ย 13ย and it shall be to him and toย his descendants after him the covenant ofย a perpetual priesthood, because he was jealous for his God and made atonement for the people of Israel.โ€™โ€

14ย The name of the slain man of Israel, who was killed with the Midianite woman, was Zimri the son of Salu, chief of a father’s house belonging to the Simeonites.ย 15ย And the name of the Midianite woman who was killed was Cozbi the daughter ofย Zur, who was the tribal head of a father’s house in Midian.

16ย And theย Lordย spoke to Moses, saying,ย 17ย โ€œHarass the Midianites and strike them down,ย 18ย for they have harassed you with theirย wiles, with which they beguiled you in the matter ofย Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of the chief of Midian, their sister, who was killed on the day of the plague on account of Peor.”


The Holy Bible, English Standard Version Copyright ยฉ 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a division of Good News Publishers.


 

Questions to Consider:

1. What verse 1 mean when it says, “the people began to whore with the daughters of Moab”?

2. Why was God angry with Israel (v.3)?

3. How does 2 Corinthians 6:14-18 relate to Numbers 25:1-5?

4. Why does God not want His people to fraternize with unbelievers?

5. Is this chapter a descriptive or a prescriptive passage? How can we know that this passsage is not telling us it is all right for Christians to kill idol worshipers today?

Celebrity Pastors, Discernment, False Teachers, Social Media

Four Reasons Why It Matters Who We Share, Pin, and Re-Tweet

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Scroll…scroll…wince…

Scroll…scroll…wince…

I find myself wincing a bit when I see people โ€“who I know genuinely love Jesusโ€”sharing, pinning, and re-tweeting quotes from false teachers such as Joel Osteen, Joyce Meyer, T.D. Jakes, and Christine Caine, just to name a few. Why? What’s wrong with the encouraging, even biblical, at times, things these people say?

First of all, let me back up a little. What is a โ€œfalse teacherโ€? A false teacher is someone who is billed as a Christian pastor or Bible teacher who habitually and unrepentantly writes, teaches, or preaches things that conflict with the clear teaching of Scripture. For example, all four of the people I listed above teach some version of the prosperity gospel, the false teaching that is most rampant in the Western church today. Additionally, T.D. Jakes adheres to the false doctrine of modalism, and Joyce Meyer and Christine Caine blatantly disobey the Bibleโ€™s teaching that women are not to be pastors or instruct men in the Scriptures in the church.

These days, it can be difficult to keep up with who teaches sound doctrine and who does not, especially when pastors and teachers we thought were theologically orthodox seem to be turning apostate at an alarming rate. I myself have been a fan of more than one popular writer/teacher/preacher that I later realized was a false teacher (Joyce Meyer was one of them.) as I delved into what they actually taught and believed and compared it to Godโ€™s word. I know first hand that itโ€™s easy to think that these people are good biblical teachers and preachers when what they say sounds good, makes us feel good, and has an occasional Bible verse sprinkled in.

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Because Iโ€™ve been there myself and know how easy it can be to be drawn in by false teachers, I donโ€™t have any less respect for folks who re-tweet the occasional Osteen-ism of the day. In fact, I have more respect for them, because I know they love the Lord, theyโ€™re making an effort to find biblical teaching to listen to, and they have the courage to try to share the gospel with their friends and family via social media. Those are all fantastically good things, and they are to be commended.

But, still, the quotes we share and the people who said them matter. Why?

The quotes we share and the people who said them matter. Here are four reasons why…

1.
Lost peopleโ€™s eternities are at stake.

Seriously? From hitting the โ€œshareโ€ button on a false teacherโ€™s status? Seriously. I donโ€™t think thatโ€™s overstating the gravity of the matter. Thereโ€™s no way to take the possibility of an eternity in hell too seriously.

Think about it: You have an unsaved Facebook friend. Sheโ€™s getting to the point in her life where she figures itโ€™s time to get her stuff together, so she starts looking into this whole Jesus thing. Where to start? Sheโ€™s never even set foot inside a church. Aha! She remembers youโ€™re a Christian. Maybe youโ€™ll have a good lead for her. As sheโ€™s thinking about all this, you share Joyce Meyerโ€™s status, and it appears in your friendโ€™s news feed. โ€œAh,โ€ your friend thinks, โ€œthis must be a good Bible teacher if my Christian friend follows her.โ€ So she โ€œlikesโ€ Joyce Meyerโ€™s Facebook page and follows her on Twitter. Then she starts watching her on TV. Buys some of her books. Maybe attends one of her conferences. Because your friend has zero knowledge of the Bible, she believes everything Joyce Meyer says. It sounds good. It makes her feel good. Sheโ€™s hearing a few out of context Bible verses here and there. But the problem is that Joyce Meyer doesnโ€™t teach the Jesus of the Bible. She teaches a false god of her own creation. And if your friend doesnโ€™t put her faith in the true Jesus of the Bible, sheโ€™s just as lost as she was before. Only now she thinks sheโ€™s a Christian. And you canโ€™t convince her otherwise.

Sound far fetched? Maybe. Maybe not. But if thereโ€™s even the slightest chance something like that could happen, is it really worth justifying that status share? Furthermore, is it worth even following a teacher who could lead someone you love to an eternity in hell?

2.
It gives false teachers free publicity and a broader platform.

One thing I was very surprised to learn when I first began the process of having my book published1 is that publishers want non-fiction writers to have a built in audience, or โ€œplatform,โ€ before they will publish your book. That means youโ€™re already doing speaking engagements and/or have a decent sized ministry, have lots of followers on social media, etc. As I once explained to someone, โ€œYou donโ€™t get your book published and then become [celebrity Bible teacher] you have to be [celebrity Bible teacher] in order to get published.โ€

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Social media stats are a big factor in a celebrity preacherโ€™s/teacherโ€™s platform. If T.D. Jakes suddenly lost the majority of his social media followers, you can bet the TV stations heโ€™s on and the conferences he gets invited to would be taking a serious look at whether or not theyโ€™d continue to affiliate with him, because it would indicate that his audience is shrinking.

Conversely, when we re-pin, re-post, or re-tweet these folks, their social media stats go up. They not only get a broader platform on social media from which to spread their unbiblical teaching, they continue to get more book, radio, TV, and other media deals, get invited to speak at more conferences, and even start exporting their false teaching overseas (โ€œmissionsโ€) to people who have never heard the gospel before and have no way of knowing theyโ€™re being lied to.

When we promote false teachers on social media, we bear some of the responsibility for the spread of their false doctrine.

If anyone comes to you and does not bring this teaching, do not receive him into your house or give him any greeting, for whoever greets him takes part in his wicked works.

2 John 10-11

When we promote false teachers on social media, we bear some of the responsibility for the spread of their false doctrine.

3.
It is disobedient to Scripture.

Often, when a Christian is told sheโ€™s following a false teacher, the common response is, โ€œOh, I just chew up the meat and spit out the bones,โ€ meaning that she takes to heart the โ€œgoodโ€ things the false teacher has to say and ignores the bad.

The question is: where does the Bible say this is the correct way to deal with false teachers? Answer: it doesnโ€™t. In fact Scripture says exactly the opposite.

For starters, Galatians 1:6-9 says that if anyone preaches a different gospel (such as the prosperity gospel) from the one thatโ€™s set down in Scripture, โ€œlet him be accursed.โ€ โ€œAccursedโ€ means โ€œdamned,โ€ sentenced to hell for eternity.

1 Timothy 4:7 and Titus 3:10 say that we are to have nothing to do with people who teach โ€œirreverent or silly mythsโ€ or cause division by teaching false doctrine.

2 Corinthians 6:14-16 tells us not to be joined together or partner with unbelievers, lawlessness, darkness, Belial (the devil), or idols.

1 Corinthians 5:7-13 tells us that when a person infiltrates the church who claims to be a Christian, yet is greedy, an idolater, or a swindlerโ€” all of which are things that prosperity preachers are guilty ofโ€” we are to โ€œcleanse out the old leaven.โ€ We are โ€œnot to associateโ€ with them. We are to โ€œpurge the evil person from among you.โ€

Titus 1:10-16 says of false teachers, โ€œThey must be silenced,โ€ because they teach โ€œfor shameful gain what they ought not to teach.โ€ Paul instructs Titus to โ€œrebuke them sharply,โ€ and that, โ€œthey profess to know God, but they deny him by their works. They are detestable, disobedient, unfit for any good work.โ€

The entire second chapter of 2 Peter paints a dismal picture of the motives, the behavior, and the fate of false teachers:

โ€œBecause of them, the way of truth will be blasphemed.โ€

โ€œIn their greed they will exploit you with false words.โ€

They will โ€œbe destroyed in their destruction, suffering wrong as the wage for their wrongdoing.โ€

โ€œThey are blots and blemishes, reveling in their deceptions, while they feast with you.โ€

โ€œThey entice unsteady souls.โ€

โ€œFor them the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved.โ€

โ€œThey promise them [people who listen to their false teaching] freedom, but they themselves are slaves of corruption.โ€

The entire epistle of Jude is dedicated to exhorting Christians to โ€œcontend for the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints.โ€ Of false teachers, Jude says:

โ€œCertain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this condemnation, ungodly people, who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christโ€ฆWoe to them!โ€

Thereโ€™s more, because a large portion of the New Testament is dedicated to exhorting Christians to stay away from false doctrine and rebuke those who teach it, but I think you get the picture. Is it obedient to Christ and to His word to follow and promote someone He says is damnable? People who teach another gospel, such as the prosperity gospel, are the enemies of Christ. Who are we going to side with, Christ or His enemies?

People who teach another gospel, such as the prosperity gospel, are the enemies of Christ. Who are we going to side with, Christ or His enemies?

 4.
It is unloving and disloyal to our Master.

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Think about the person you love the most in this world. Maybe itโ€™s your spouse, your child, a parent, or a friend. Next, think about your favorite celebrity, perhaps a movie star, a TV personality, or a famous author or athlete. Now try to imagine that that celebrity, in interviews with journalists, on talk shows he appears on, at personal appearances and speaking engagements, in books he writes, etc., routinely tells lies about the character of your dearest loved one. And thousands, maybe millions, of people believe him.

Would you continue to be a fan of that celebrity?

What if your loved one found out you were a fan of that celebrity? How would she feel to know you were a fan of someone who spreads lies about her?

If we wouldnโ€™t follow someone who lies about a loved one, how much less should we as Christians have anything to do with a celebrity preacher, teacher, or author who drags the name of our precious Savior through the mud and lies about the gospel?

How can we as Christians have anything to do with a celebrity preacher, teacher, or author who drags the name of our precious Savior through the mud and lies about the gospel?

Friends, for all of these reasons and more, letโ€™s stop promoting these false teachers on social media by publicizing their quotes and other materials. Looking for an encouraging quote to share? Thereโ€™s nothing better than a verse of Scripture. Because Scripture can offer people something that false teachers canโ€™t: truth and hope. As Jesus Himself said,

โ€œSanctify them in the truth; your word is truth.โ€ John 17:17


ยนMy book, Jacob, Journaling the Journey is no longer in print, and thatโ€™s a good thing! I wrote it before learning good hermeneutics and how to handle Godโ€™s Word properly. You can probably still find copies of it at online merchants, but I would not recommend that you buy or use it. If you want a good Bible study, the best thing is to simply pick up the Bible and study it for yourself. Right now, I have no plans to rewrite Jacob for future re-release.